tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33558723337163666892024-01-02T06:05:42.216+08:00MamathitaMAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.comBlogger34125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-14812631909994078512010-11-21T15:25:00.000+08:002010-11-21T15:25:00.105+08:00Plant Hopper / Leaf Hopper<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://rismarizalidris.blogspot.com/"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihJrqtJBYlsThfx9FMUqGgvLIOhlWIh3UkIAbjcigPOeJUwYWhIo3gJ-PBE7fisWzyT3kO6bv0f0pd6AsR4n4hBVZlI-fEq4dIMofBLVywu7S91dNhj5qOw5zp7hoGRorPRej2EInPD5w/s1600/planthopper.jpg" /></a></div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">A <b>planthopper</b> is any <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Insect">insect</a> in the infraorder <b>Fulgoromorpha</b> within the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiptera" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera</a>. The name comes from their remarkable resemblance to leaves and other plants of their environment and from the fact that they often "hop" for quick transportation in a similar way to that of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Grasshopper">grasshoppers</a>. However, these planthoppers generally walk very slowly so as not to attract attention. Distributed worldwide, all members of this group are plant-feeders, though surprisingly few are considered pests. The infraorder contains only a single superfamily, <b>Fulgoroidea</b>. Fulgoroids are most reliably distinguished from the other members of the classical "Homoptera" by two features; the bifurcate ("Y"-shaped) anal vein in the forewing, and the thickened, three-segmented <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a>, with a generally round or egg-shaped second segment (pedicel) that bears a fine filamentous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Antenna (biology)">arista</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Nymphs of many Fulgoroids produce wax from special glands on the abdominal terga and other parts of the body. These are hydrophobic and help conceal the insects. Adult females of many families also produce wax which may be used to protect eggs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ency_0-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthopper#cite_note-ency-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Planthoppers are often <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Vector (epidemiology)">vectors</a> for plant diseases, especially <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplasma" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Phytoplasma">phytoplasmas</a> which live in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloem" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Phloem">phloem</a> of plants and can be transmitted by planthoppers when feeding.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><br />
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</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-48754745090108559222010-11-20T22:19:00.004+08:002011-01-17T19:52:13.897+08:00Wattle Hopper nymph Olonia sp Family Eurybrachyidae<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://rismarizalidris.blogspot.com/"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWHzUf-KcTOl1lSLLoXUqhBxk8Kw4fKB21-2iiydQHOATQle9Q3WhjnbJQoYi9bFWDA5xoHo7cw6zIoH7Vy7NODZ0FQ78BT4er94jps6K0Ii7C9DkwDc1aVUJ1w_aBtpm9iVS5evTaGt8/s640/1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"><b>Leafhopper</b> is a common name applied to any <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Species">species</a> from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <b>Cicadellidae</b>. Leafhoppers, colloquially known as <i>hoppers</i>, are minute plant-feeding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Insect">insects</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Taxonomic rank">superfamily</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membracoidea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Membracoidea">Membracoidea</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoptera" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Homoptera">Homoptera</a>. They belong to a lineage traditionally treated as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraorder" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Infraorder">infraorder</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicadomorpha" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cicadomorpha">Cicadomorpha</a> in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suborder" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Suborder">suborder</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auchenorrhyncha" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Auchenorrhyncha">Auchenorrhyncha</a>, but as the latter <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Taxon">taxon</a> is probably not <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyletic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> many modern authors prefer to abolish the Auchenorrhyncha and elevate the cicadomorphs to a suborder Clypeorrhyncha.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;">Leafhoppers are found all over the world and constitute the second-largest hemipteran family. They have at least 20,000 described species. The<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tribe (biology)">tribe</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proconiini" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Proconiini">Proconiini</a> of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfamily" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Subfamily">subfamily</a> <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cicadellinae&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Cicadellinae (page does not exist)">Cicadellinae</a> is commonly known as <b>sharpshooters</b>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The Cicadellidae combine the following features:</div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">thickened part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a> very short and ending with a bristle (arista)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">two <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocellus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ocellus">ocelli</a> (simple eyes) present on the top or front of the head</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod_leg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Arthropod leg">tarsi</a> made of three segments</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">front femora with at most weak spines</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">hind tibiae with one or more distinct keels, with a row of movable spines on each, sometimes on enlarged bases</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">base of middle legs close together where they originate under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorax" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Thorax">thorax</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">front wings not particularly thickened.</li>
</ul><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">An additional and unique character of leafhoppers is the production of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brochosome" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Brochosome">brochosomes</a> which are thought to protect the animals and particularly their egg <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutch_(eggs)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Clutch (eggs)">clutches</a> from predation and pathogens.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Like other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exopterygota" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Exopterygota">Exopterygota</a>, the leafhoppers undergo direct development from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymph_(biology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Nymph (biology)">nymph</a> to adult without a<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pupa">pupal</a> stage. While many leafhoppers are drab little insects as is typical for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membracoidea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Membracoidea">Membracoidea</a>, the adults and nymphs of some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Species">species</a> are quite colorful. Some – in particular <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stegelytrinae&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Stegelytrinae (page does not exist)">Stegelytrinae</a> – have largely translucent wings and resemble <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Fly">flies</a> at a casual glance.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Leafhoppers have <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piercing-sucking_mouthpart" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Piercing-sucking mouthpart">piercing-sucking mouthparts</a>, enabling them to feed on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_sap" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Plant sap">plant sap</a>. A leafhoppers' diet commonly consists of sap from a wide and diverse range of plants, but some are more <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(biology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Host (biology)">host</a>-specific. Leafhoppers mainly are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivore" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a> but some are known to eat smaller insects such as<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aphid">aphids</a> on occasion. A few species are known to be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud-puddling" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mud-puddling">mud-puddling</a>, but as it seems females rarely engage in such behavior. Leafhoppers can transmit <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_pathogen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Plant pathogen">plant pathogens</a> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_virus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Plant virus">viruses</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplasma" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Phytoplasma">phytoplasmas</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafhopper#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>. Cicadellidae species that are significant agricultural pests include the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beet_leafhopper" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Beet leafhopper">beet leafhopper</a> (<i>Circulifer tenellus</i>), potato leafhopper (<i><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empoasca_fabae&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Empoasca fabae (page does not exist)">Empoasca fabae</a></i>), two-spotted leafhopper (<i><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sophonia_rufofascia&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Sophonia rufofascia (page does not exist)">Sophonia rufofascia</a></i>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassy-winged_sharpshooter" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Glassy-winged sharpshooter">glassy-winged sharpshooter</a> (<i>Homalodisca vitripennis</i>), the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_brown_leafhopper" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Common brown leafhopper">common brown leafhopper</a> (<i>Orosius orientalis</i>) and white apple leafhopper (<i><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhlocyba_pomaria&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Typhlocyba pomaria (page does not exist)">Typhlocyba pomaria</a></i>).</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">In some cases the plant pathogens distributed by leafhoppers are also <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> of the insect themselves and can <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Replicate">replicate</a> within the leafhoppers' <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivary_gland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Salivary gland">salivary glands</a>. Leafhoppers are also susceptible to various insect pathogens, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicistroviridae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dicistroviridae">Dicistroviridae</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruses" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Viruses">viruses</a>, bacteria and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Fungi">fungi</a>; numerous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitoid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Parasitoid">parasitoids</a> attack the eggs and the adults provide food for small <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectivore" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Insectivore">insectivores</a>.</div><br />
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</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-72694191378177089952010-11-07T01:13:00.003+08:002011-01-17T19:59:03.697+08:00SAWAH PADI / PADDY FIELD<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">A <b>paddy field</b> is a flooded parcel of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Arable land">arable land</a> used for growing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Rice">rice</a> and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_plant" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aquatic plant">semiaquatic crops</a>. Rice can also be grown in dry-fields, but from the twentieth century paddy field agriculture became the dominant form of growing rice. Paddy fields are a typical feature of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Rice">rice</a>-growing countries of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="East Asia">east</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="South Asia">south</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Southeast Asia">southeast Asia</a>, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="People's Republic of China">China</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Republic of China">Taiwan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Laos">Laos</a>. They are also found in other rice-growing regions such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> (Italy), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camargue" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Camargue">Camargue</a> (France) the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artibonite_Valley" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Artibonite Valley">Artibonite Valley</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Valley" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sacramento Valley">Sacramento Valley</a> of California, and the remains of rice paddies still define much of landscape of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Lowcountry" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Carolina Lowcountry">Carolina Lowcountry</a> (US).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">Paddy fields can be built adjacent to otherwise natural areas such as rivers or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Marshes">marshes</a>. They can be constructed, often on steep hillsides with much <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_labour" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Manual labour">labor</a> and materials. The fields require large quantities of water for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>. Flooding provides water essential to the growth of the crop. Water also provides a favorable environment for the rice strains being grown as well as discouraging the growth of many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Weed">weeds</a>. The<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_buffalo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Domestic buffalo">water buffalo</a> is one of the most important <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_animal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Working animal">working animals</a> adapted for life in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlands" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a> so they are extensively used in paddy fields.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">World methane production due to paddy fields has been estimated to be in the range of 50 to 100 million tonnes per annum.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> Recent studies have shown that methane can be significantly reduced while also boosting crop yield by draining the paddies allowing the soil to aerate, which interrupts methane production.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">The word "paddy" is derived from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Malay language">Malay</a> word <i>padi</i>, rice plant.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">Archaeologists generally accept that wet-field cultivation originated in China. At Caoxieshan, a site of the Neolithic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majiabang_culture" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Majiabang culture">Majiabang culture</a>, archaeologists excavated paddy fields <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup>. Some archaeologists claim that Caoxieshan may date to 4000-3000 B.C.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup>, but as of now the oldest excavated rice paddy field dated by absolute scientific dating techniques are from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Korea">Korea</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field#cite_note-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup>. There is archaeological evidence that unhusked rice was stored for the military and for burial with the deceased from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynasty" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Han Dynasty">Han Dynasty</a> in China.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field#cite_note-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">Korean paddy-field farming is ancient. A pit-house at the Daecheon-ni site yielded carbonized rice grains and radiocarbon dates indicating that rice cultivation in dry-fields may have begun as early as the Middle <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeulmun_Pottery_Period" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Jeulmun Pottery Period">Jeulmun Pottery Period</a> (c. 3500-2000 B.C.) in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field#cite_note-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup>. Ancient paddy fields have been carefully unearthed in Korea by institutes such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyungnam_University" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kyungnam University">Kyungnam University</a> Museum (KUM) of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Masan">Masan</a>. They excavated paddy field features at the Geumcheon-ni Site near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miryang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Miryang">Miryang</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Gyeongsang_Province" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="South Gyeongsang Province">South Gyeongsang Province</a>. The paddy field feature was found next to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit-house" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pit-house">pit-house</a> that is dated to the latter part of the Early <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumun_Pottery_Period" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mumun Pottery Period">Mumun Pottery Period</a> (c. 1100-850 B.C.). KUM has conducted excavations that have revealed similarly dated paddy field features at Yaeum-dong and Okhyeon in modern-day <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ulsan">Ulsan</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field#cite_note-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup>.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">The earliest Mumun features were usually located in low-lying narrow gullies that were naturally swampy and fed by the local stream system. Some Mumun paddy fields in flat areas were made of a series of squares and rectangles separated by bunds approximately 10 cm in height, while terraced paddy fields consisted of long irregular shapes that followed natural contours of the land at various levels<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field#cite_note-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field#cite_note-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup>.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">Mumun Period rice farmers used all of the elements that are present in today's paddy fields such terracing, bunds, canals, and small reservoirs. We can grasp some paddy-field farming techniques of the Middle Mumun (c. 850-550 B.C.) from the well-preserved wooden tools excavated from archaeological rice fields at the Majeon-ni Site. However, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Iron">iron</a> tools for paddy-field farming were not introduced until sometime after 200 B.C. The spatial scale of paddy-fields increased with the regular use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Iron Age">iron</a> tools in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> Period (c. A.D. 300/400-668).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">The first paddy fields in Japan date to the Early <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yayoi_period" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field#cite_note-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup>. The Early Yayoi has been re-dated and thus it appears that wet-field agriculture developed at approximately the same time as in the Korean peninsula.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">In the Philippines, the use of rice paddies can be traced to prehistoric times, as evidenced in the names of towns such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pila,_Laguna" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pila, Laguna">Pila, Laguna</a>, whose name can be traced to the straight mounds of dirt that form the boundaries of the rice paddy, or "Pilapil." <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Valdes_13-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field#cite_note-Valdes-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">Wet rice cultivation in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> dates back to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> Hoa Binh culture and Bac Son culture</span></div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-47212768527575612010-10-09T21:36:00.011+08:002010-11-10T01:09:37.577+08:00<iframe class="youtube-player" frameborder="0" height="510" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/1fFkOy-UR4k" title="YouTube video player" type="text/html" width="853"></iframe>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-50791053460138606792010-07-30T20:01:00.022+08:002010-11-06T04:00:20.785+08:00Ayam / Chicken / (Gallus gallus domesticus)<div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://rismarizalidris.blogspot.com/"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5499671584317826658" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcSdtFrpjivCFbE_AABy7tc8eAyihn2P8CLx1kUPR1oEcpcSz9qEVvrKNunBjvhF6AXrB0bFOsdHccVgeFlm3gmQfXWflKZcGf9-mwUzCYHe9EaKAHzO83_UTTDcDEqLrQYitQ85yA1C4/s1600/chicken.jpg" /></a></div><br />
The <b>chicken</b> (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>) is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowl" title="Fowl">fowl</a>, a subspecies of the Red Jungle Fowl. As one of the most common and widespread <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_animals" title="Domestic animals">domestic animals</a>, and with a population of more than 24 billion in 2003,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup> there are more chickens in the world than any other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a>. Humans keep chickens primarily as a source of food, consuming both their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_%28food%29" title="Chicken (food)">meat</a> and their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_%28food%29" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a>.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_wisdom" title="Conventional wisdom">Conventional wisdom</a> has held that the chicken was domesticated in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, but recent evidence suggests that domestication of the chicken was already under way in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> over 10,000 years ago.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken#cite_note-Sherman-1"> From India the domesticated fowl made its way to the </a><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia" title="Persia">Persianized</a> kingdom of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> in western Asia Minor, domestic fowl were imported to Greece by the fifth century BC. Fowl had been known in Egypt since the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt">18th Dynasty</a>, with the "bird that lays every day" having come to Egypt from the land between Syria and Shinar, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, according to the annals of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutmose_III" title="Tutmose III">Tutmose III</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken#cite_note-3"> </a><br />
<br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="General_biology_and_habitat">General biology and habitat</span></h2><br />
Chickens are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivores</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken#cite_note-7"></a></sup> In the wild, they often scratch at the soil to search for seeds, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insects" title="Insects">insects</a> and even larger animals such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a> or young <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mice" title="Mice">mice</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken#cite_note-8">.</a></sup><br />
Chickens may live for five to eleven years, depending on the breed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken#cite_note-9"></a></sup> In commercial intensive farming, a meat chicken generally lives six weeks before slaughter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken#cite_note-10"></a></sup> A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">free range</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_%28food%29" title="Organic (food)">organic</a> meat chicken will usually be slaughtered at about 14 weeks. Hens of special laying <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chicken_breeds" title="List of chicken breeds">breeds</a> may produce as many as 300 eggs a year. After 12 months, the hen's egg-laying ability starts to decline, and commercial laying hens are then slaughtered and used in processed foods, or sold as "soup hens".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken#cite_note-11"></a></sup> The world's oldest chicken, according to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records" title="Guinness Book of World Records">Guinness Book of World Records</a>, died of heart failure when she was 16 years old.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken#cite_note-12"></a><br />
Roosters can usually be differentiated from hens by their striking plumage, marked by long flowing tails and shiny, pointed feathers on their necks and backs (the <i>hackles</i> and <i>saddle</i>)—these are often colored differently from the hackles and saddles of females.<br />
However, in some breeds, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebright_%28chicken%29" title="Sebright (chicken)">Sebright</a>, the rooster has only slightly pointed neck feathers, the same color as the hen's. The identification must be made by looking at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comb_%28anatomy%29" title="Comb (anatomy)">comb</a>, or eventually from the development of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_%28disambiguation%29" title="Spur (disambiguation)">spurs</a> on the male's legs (in a few breeds and in certain hybrids the male and female chicks may be differentiated by color). Adult chickens have a fleshy crest on their heads called a <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockscomb" title="Cockscomb">comb or cockscomb</a></i>, and hanging flaps of skin either side under their beaks called <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattle_%28anatomy%29" title="Wattle (anatomy)">wattles</a></i>. Both the adult male and female have wattles and combs, but in most breeds these are more prominent in males. A <i>muff</i> or <i>beard</i> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> found in several chicken breeds which causes extra <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">feathering</a> under the chicken's face, giving the appearance of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beard" title="Beard">beard</a>.<br />
Domestic chickens are not capable of long distance flight, although lighter birds are generally capable of flying for short distances, such as over fences or into trees (where they would naturally roost). Chickens will sometimes fly to explore their surroundings, but usually do so only to flee perceived danger.<br />
Chickens are gregarious birds and live together as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd" title="Herd">flock</a>. They have a communal approach to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_incubation" title="Avian incubation">incubation</a> of eggs and raising of young. Individual chickens in a flock will dominate others, establishing a "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecking_order" title="Pecking order">pecking order</a>", with dominant individuals having priority for access to food and nesting locations. Removing hens or roosters from a flock causes a temporary disruption to this social order until a new pecking order is established. Adding hens—especially younger birds—to an existing flock can lead to violence and injury.<br />
Hens will try to lay in nests that already contain eggs, and have been known to move eggs from neighboring nests into their own. Some farmers use fake eggs made from plastic or stone (or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_ball" title="Golf ball">golf balls</a>) to encourage hens to lay in a particular location. The result of this behavior is that a flock will use only a few preferred locations, rather than having a different nest for every bird.<br />
Hens can also be extremely stubborn about always laying in the same location. It is not unknown for two (or more) hens to try to share the same nest at the same time. If the nest is small, or one of the hens is particularly determined, this may result in chickens trying to lay on top of each other.<br />
Roosters crowing (a loud and sometimes shrill call) is a territorial signal to other roosters. However, crowing may also result from sudden disturbances within their surroundings. Hens cluck loudly after laying an egg, and also to call their chicks.<br />
In 2006, scientists researching the ancestry of birds "turned on" a chicken <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recessive_gene" title="Recessive gene">recessive gene</a>, <i>talpid2</i>, and found that the embryo jaws initiated formation of teeth, like those found in ancient bird fossils. John Fallon, the overseer of the project, stated that chickens have "...retained the ability to make teeth, under certain conditions..."Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-63353338076454160162010-07-28T18:59:00.006+08:002010-11-06T04:00:20.788+08:00Katak / Frog<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><b>Frogs</b> are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_%28biology%29" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anura" title="Anura">Anura</a> (meaning "tail-less", from Greek <i>an-,</i> without + <i>oura</i>, tail), formerly referred to as <i>Salientia</i> (Latin <i>salere</i> (<i>salio</i>), "to jump"). Most frogs are characterized by long hind legs, a short body, webbed digits (fingers or toes), protruding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eyes</a> and the absence of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail" title="Tail">tail</a>. Frogs are widely known as exceptional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumping" title="Jumping">jumpers</a>, and many of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical" title="Anatomical">anatomical</a> characteristics of frogs, particularly their long, powerful legs, are adaptations to improve jumping performance. Due to their permeable skin, frogs are often semi-aquatic or inhabit humid areas, but move easily on land. They typically lay their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_%28biology%29" title="Egg (biology)">eggs</a> in puddles, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">ponds</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a>, and their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a>, called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadpole" title="Tadpole">tadpoles</a>, have <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a> and develop in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. Adult frogs follow a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivorous</a> diet, mostly of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">annelids</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">gastropods</a>. Frogs are most noticeable by their call, which can be widely heard during the night or day, mainly in their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrous_cycle" title="Estrous cycle">mating season</a>.<br />
The distribution of frogs ranges from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropic</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic" title="Subarctic">subarctic</a> regions, but most species are found in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforests</a>. Consisting of more than 5,000 species described, they are among the most diverse groups of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>. However, populations of certain frog species are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">declining</a> significantly.<br />
A distinction is often made between frogs and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toad" title="Toad">toads</a> on the basis of their appearance, caused by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent adaptation</a> among so-called toads to dry environments; however, this distinction has no taxonomic basis. The only family exclusively given the common name "toad" is <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufonidae" title="Bufonidae">Bufonidae</a>, but many species from other families are also called "toads," and the species within the toad genus <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelopus" title="Atelopus">Atelopus</a></i> are referred to as "harlequin frogs".<br />
The name frog derives from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_language" title="Old English language">Old English</a> <i>frogga</i>, (compare <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <i>frauki</i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <i>Frosch</i>, older <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> spelling <i>kikvorsch</i>), cognate with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i>plava</i> (frog), probably deriving from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <i>praw</i> = "to jump"Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-11934816843915681462010-07-27T23:25:00.008+08:002010-11-06T04:00:20.789+08:00Rusa / Deer<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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</div><b>Deer</b> are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminant</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> forming the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_%28biology%29" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <b>Cervidae</b>. They include for example <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Deer" title="Red Deer">Red Deer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">Roe</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">Chital</a>. Animals from related families within the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_%28biology%29" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even-toed_ungulate" title="Even-toed ungulate">Artiodactyla</a> (even-toed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a>) are often also considered to be deer – these include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntjac" title="Muntjac">muntjac</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">water deer</a>. Male deer of all species but the Chinese <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Water deer</a> and female reindeer grow and shed new <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">antlers</a> each year. In this they differ from permanently <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_%28anatomy%29" title="Horn (anatomy)">horned</a> animals such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelope</a>; these are in the same order as deer and may bear a superficial resemblance. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">musk deer</a> of Asia and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Chevrotain" title="Water Chevrotain">Water Chevrotain</a> (or Mouse Deer) of tropical African and Asian forests are not usually regarded as true deer and form their own families, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moschidae" title="Moschidae">Moschidae</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrotain" title="Chevrotain">Tragulidae</a>, respectively.<br />
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he word "deer" was originally quite broad in meaning, but became more specific over time. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <i>der</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">O.E.</a> <i>dēor</i>) meant a wild animal of any kind (as opposed to <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a></i>, which then meant any domestic livestock, from the idea of ownership and related to <i>chattle</i> and <i>capital</i>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deers#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup> This general sense gave way to the modern sense by the end of the Middle English period, around 1500. Cognates of English "deer" in several other languages still have the general sense of "animal" – for example <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <i>Tier</i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <i>dier</i>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">Scandinavian</a> <i>djur</i>, <i>dyr</i>, <i>dýr</i>. "Deer" is the same in the plural as in the singular. <br />
For most deer the male is called a <i>buck</i> and the female is a <i>doe</i>, but the terms vary with dialect, and especially according to the size of the species. For many larger deer the male is a <i>stag</i> and the female a <i>hind</i>, while for other larger deer the same words are used as for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>: <i>bull</i> and <i>cow</i>. Terms for young deer vary similarly, with that of most being called a <i>fawn</i> and that of the larger species <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calf" title="Calf">calf</a></i>; young of the smallest kinds may be a <i>kid</i>. A group of deer of any kind is a <i>herd</i>.The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective#Adjectives_of_relation" title="Adjective">adjective of relation</a> pertaining to deer is <i><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cervine" title="wiktionary:cervine">cervine</a></i>; like the family name "<i>Cervidae</i>" this is from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <span lang="la"><i>cervus</i></span>, "deer".<br />
The word '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_%28deer%29" title="Hart (deer)">hart</a>' is an old alternative word for "stag", especially in a (British) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Medieval hunting</a> context.<br />
Deer are widely distributed, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunted</a>, with indigenous representatives in all continents except Antarctica and Australia, though Africa has only one native species, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Deer" title="Red Deer">Red Deer</a>, confined to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a> in the northwest of the continent.<br />
Deer live in a variety of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a> ranging from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a>. While often associated with forests, many deer are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotone" title="Ecotone">ecotone</a> species that live in transitional areas between forests and thickets (for cover) and prairie and savanna (open space). The majority of large deer species inhabit temperate mixed deciduous forest, mountain mixed coniferous forest, tropical seasonal/dry forest, and savanna habitats around the world. Clearing open areas within forests to some extent may actually benefit deer populations by exposing the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understory" title="Understory">understory</a> and allowing the types of grasses, weeds, and herbs to grow that deer like to eat. Additionally, access to adjacent croplands may also benefit deer. However, adequate forest or brush cover must still be provided for populations to grow and thrive.<br />
Small species of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocket_deer" title="Brocket deer">brocket deer</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pud%C3%BA" title="Pudú">pudús</a> of Central and South America, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntjac" title="Muntjac">muntjacs</a> of Asia generally occupy dense forests and are less often seen in open spaces, with the possible exception of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Muntjac" title="Indian Muntjac">Indian Muntjac</a>. There are also several species of deer that are highly specialized, and live almost exclusively in mountains, grasslands, swamps, and "wet" savannas, or riparian corridors surrounded by deserts. Some deer have a circumpolar distribution in both North America and Eurasia. Examples include the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">caribou</a> that live in Arctic tundra and taiga (boreal forests) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a> that inhabit <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> and adjacent areas. Huemul Deer (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taruca" title="Taruca">taruca</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Andean_Deer" title="South Andean Deer">Chilean Huemul</a>) of South America's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> fill an ecological niche of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibex" title="Ibex">ibex</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Goat" title="Wild Goat">Wild Goat</a>, with the fawns behaving more like goat kids.<br />
The highest concentration of large deer species in temperate North America lies in the Canadian Rocky Mountain and Columbia Mountain Regions between Alberta and British Columbia where all five North American deer species (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Caribou</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose</a>) can be found. This region has several clusters of national parks including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Revelstoke_National_Park" title="Mount Revelstoke National Park">Mount Revelstoke National Park</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_%28Canada%29" title="Glacier National Park (Canada)">Glacier National Park (Canada)</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoho_National_Park" title="Yoho National Park">Yoho National Park</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kootenay_National_Park" title="Kootenay National Park">Kootenay National Park</a> on the British Columbia side, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff National Park</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_National_Park" title="Jasper National Park">Jasper National Park</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_%28U.S.%29" title="Glacier National Park (U.S.)">Glacier National Park (U.S.)</a> on the Alberta and Montana sides. Mountain slope habitats vary from moist coniferous/mixed forested habitats to dry subalpine/pine forests with alpine meadows higher up. The foothills and river valleys between the mountain ranges provide a mosaic of cropland and deciduous parklands. The rare woodland caribou have the most restricted range living at higher altitudes in the subalpine meadows and alpine tundra areas of some of the mountain ranges. Elk and Mule Deer both migrate between the alpine meadows and lower coniferous forests and tend to be most common in this region. Elk also inhabit river valley bottomlands, which they share with White-tailed deer. The White-tailed deer have recently expanded their range within the foothills and river valley bottoms of the Canadian Rockies owing to conversion of land to cropland and the clearing of coniferous forests allowing more deciduous vegetation to grow up the mountain slopes. They also live in the aspen parklands north of Calgary and Edmonton, where they share habitat with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>. The adjacent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> grassland habitats are left to herds of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bison" title="American Bison">American Bison</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">pronghorn</a> antelope.<br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> Continent (including the Indian Subcontinent) boasts the most species of deer in the world, with most species being found in Asia. Europe, in comparison, has lower diversity in plant and animal species. However, many national parks and protected reserves in Europe do have populations of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Deer" title="Red Deer">Red Deer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_Deer" title="Roe Deer">Roe Deer</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallow_Deer" title="Fallow Deer">Fallow Deer</a>. These species have long been associated with the continent of Europe, but also inhabit <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>, and Northwestern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. "European" Fallow Deer historically lived over much of Europe during the Ice Ages, but afterwards became restricted primarily to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a> Peninsula, in present-day <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. Present-day Fallow deer populations in Europe are a result of historic man-made introductions of this species first to the Mediterranean regions of Europe, then eventually to the rest of Europe. They were initially park animals that later escaped and reestablished themselves in the wild. Historically, Europe's deer species shared their deciduous forest habitat with other herbivores such as the extinct <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_ferus_ferus" title="Equus ferus ferus">tarpan</a> (forest horse), extinct <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> (forest ox), and the endangered <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisent" title="Wisent">wisent</a> (European bison). Good places to see deer in Europe include the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a>, the Austrian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, and the wetlands between Austria, Hungary, and Czech Republic. Some fine National Parks include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Park" title="Doñana National Park">Doñana National Park</a> in Spain, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veluwe" title="Veluwe">Veluwe</a> in the Netherlands, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a> in Belgium, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Białowieża National Park</a> of Poland. Spain, Eastern Europe, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a> still have virgin forest areas that are not only home to sizable deer populations but also for other animals that were once abundant such as the wisent, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Lynx" title="Eurasian Lynx">Eurasian Lynx</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Lynx" title="Iberian Lynx">Spanish lynx</a>, wolves, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bear" title="Brown Bear">Brown Bears</a>.<br />
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The highest concentration of large deer species in temperate Asia occurs in the mixed deciduous forests, mountain coniferous forests, and taiga bordering North Korea, Manchuria (Northeastern China), and the Ussuri Region (Russia). These are among some of the richest deciduous and coniferous forests in the world where one can find <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Roe_Deer" title="Siberian Roe Deer">Siberian Roe Deer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sika_Deer" title="Sika Deer">Sika Deer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose</a>. Asian Caribou occupy the northern fringes of this region along the Sino-Russian border.<br />
Deer such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sika_Deer" title="Sika Deer">Sika Deer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorold%27s_deer" title="Thorold's deer">Thorold's deer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asian_Red_Deer" title="Central Asian Red Deer">Central Asian Red Deer</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk</a> have historically been farmed for their antlers by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungusic_people" title="Tungusic people">Tungusic peoples</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolians</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a>. Like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people" title="Sami people">Sami people</a> of Finland and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungusic_people" title="Tungusic people">Tungusic peoples</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolians</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> of Southern Siberia, Northern Mongolia, and the Ussuri Region have also taken to raising semi-domesticated herds of Asian Caribou.<br />
The highest concentration of large deer species in the tropics occurs in Southern Asia in Northern India's Indo-Gangetic Plain Region and Nepal's Terai Region. These fertile plains consist of tropical seasonal moist deciduous, dry deciduous forests, and both dry and wet savannas that are home to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">Chital</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hog_Deer" title="Hog Deer">Hog Deer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">Barasingha</a>, Indian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambar_%28deer%29" title="Sambar (deer)">Sambar</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Muntjac" title="Indian Muntjac">Indian Muntjac</a>. Grazing species such as the endangered <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">Barasingha</a> and very common <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">Chital</a> are gregarious and live in large herds. Indian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambar_%28deer%29" title="Sambar (deer)">Sambar</a> can be gregarious but are usually solitary or live in smaller herds. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hog_Deer" title="Hog Deer">Hog Deer</a> are solitary and have lower densities than Indian Muntjac. Deer can be seen in several national parks in India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka of which <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanha_National_Park" title="Kanha National Park">Kanha National Park</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudhwa_National_Park" title="Dudhwa National Park">Dudhwa National Park</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitwan_National_Park" title="Chitwan National Park">Chitwan National Park</a> are most famous. Sri Lanka's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilpattu_National_Park" title="Wilpattu National Park">Wilpattu National Park</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yala_National_Park" title="Yala National Park">Yala National Park</a> have large herds of Indian Sambar and Chital. The Indian sambar are more gregarious in Sri Lanka than other parts of their range and tend to form larger herds than elsewhere.<br />
The Chao Praya River Valley of Thailand was once primarily tropical seasonal moist deciduous forest and wet savanna that hosted populations of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hog_Deer" title="Hog Deer">Hog Deer</a>, the now-extinct <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schomburgk%27s_Deer" title="Schomburgk's Deer">Schomburgk's Deer</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eld%27s_Deer" title="Eld's Deer">Eld's Deer</a>, Indian Sambar, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Muntjac" title="Indian Muntjac">Indian Muntjac</a>. Both the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hog_Deer" title="Hog Deer">Hog Deer</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eld%27s_Deer" title="Eld's Deer">Eld's Deer</a> are rare, whereas Indian Sambar and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Muntjac" title="Indian Muntjac">Indian Muntjac</a> thrive in protected national parks such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khao_Yai_National_Park" title="Khao Yai National Park">Khao Yai</a>.<br />
Many of these South Asian and Southeast Asian deer species also share their habitat with various <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivory" title="Herbivory">herbivores</a> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Elephant" title="Asian Elephant">Asian Elephants</a>, various Asian rhinoceros species, various antelope species (such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">nilgai</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-horned_Antelope" title="Four-horned Antelope">Four-horned Antelope</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">blackbuck</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">Indian gazelle</a> in India), and wild oxen (such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Asian_Water_Buffalo" title="Wild Asian Water Buffalo">Wild Asian Water Buffalo</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">banteng</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouprey" title="Kouprey">kouprey</a>). How different herbivores can survive together in a given area is each species have different food preferences, although there may be some overlap.<br />
Australia has six <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced species</a> of deer that have established sustainable wild populations from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acclimatisation_society" title="Acclimatisation society">acclimatisation society</a> releases in the 19th century. These are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallow_Deer" title="Fallow Deer">Fallow Deer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Deer" title="Red Deer">Red Deer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambar_%28deer%29" title="Sambar (deer)">Sambar Deer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hog_Deer" title="Hog Deer">Hog Deer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_Rusa" title="Javan Rusa">Rusa deer</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">Chital</a>. Red Deer introduced into New Zealand in 1851 from English and Scottish stock were domesticated in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_farm" title="Deer farm">deer farms</a> by the late 1960s and are common farm animals there now. Seven other species of deer were introduced into New Zealand but none are as widespread as Red Deer.<br />
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deers#cite_note-DeerInNewZealand-1"></a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-36481146988914896082010-07-26T23:43:00.009+08:002010-11-06T04:00:20.793+08:00Burung Helang / Eagle<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Eagle</h1><b>Eagles</b> are large <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">birds of prey</a> which are members of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> family <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accipitridae" title="Accipitridae">Accipitridae</a>, and belong to several <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> which are not necessarily closely related to each other. Most of the more than 60 species occur in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup> Outside this area, just two species (the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_Eagle" title="Bald Eagle">Bald</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Eagle" title="Golden Eagle">Golden Eagles</a>) can be found in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, nine more in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, and three in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<br />
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Eagles are different from many other birds of prey mainly by their larger size, more powerful build, and heavier head and beak. Even the smallest eagles, like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booted_Eagle" title="Booted Eagle">Booted Eagle</a> (which is comparable in size to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Buzzard" title="Common Buzzard">Common Buzzard</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-tailed_Hawk" title="Red-tailed Hawk">Red-tailed Hawk</a>), have relatively longer and more evenly broad wings, and more direct, faster flight. Most eagles are larger than any other raptors apart from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">vultures</a>. Species named as eagles range in size from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Nicobar_Serpent-eagle" title="South Nicobar Serpent-eagle">South Nicobar Serpent-eagle</a>, at 500 g (1.1 lb) and 40 cm (16 in), to the 6.7 kg (14.7 lbs) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steller%27s_Sea_Eagle" title="Steller's Sea Eagle">Steller's Sea Eagle</a> and the 100 cm (39 in) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Eagle" title="Philippine Eagle">Philippine Eagle</a>.<br />
Like all birds of prey, eagles have very large powerful hooked <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">beaks</a> for tearing flesh from their prey, strong muscular legs, and powerful <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claw" title="Claw">talons</a>. They also have extremely keen eyesight which enables them to spot potential <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">prey</a> from a very long distance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup> This keen eyesight is primarily contributed by their extremely large pupils which ensure minimal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a> (scattering) of the incoming light.<br />
Eagles build their nests, called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_nest" title="Bird nest">eyries</a>, in tall trees or on high <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">cliffs</a>. Many species lay two eggs, but the older, larger chick frequently kills its younger sibling once it has hatched. The dominant chick tends to be the female, as they are bigger than the male. The parents take no action to stop the killing.<br />
Major new research into eagle <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy" title="Taxonomy">taxonomy</a> suggests that the important genera <i>Aquila</i> and <i>Hieraaetus</i> are not composed of nearest relatives, and it is likely that a reclassification of these genera will soon take place, with some species being moved to <i>Lophaetus</i> or <i>Ictinaetus</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle#cite_note-2">[3]</a></sup><br />
<ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonelli%27s_Eagle" title="Bonelli's Eagle">Bonelli's Eagle</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booted_Eagle" title="Booted Eagle">Booted Eagle</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Eagle" title="Little Eagle">Little Eagle</a> have been moved from <i>Hieraaetus</i> to <i>Aquila</i>.</li>
<li>Either the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Spotted_Eagle" title="Greater Spotted Eagle">Greater Spotted Eagle</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Spotted_Eagle" title="Lesser Spotted Eagle">Lesser Spotted Eagle</a> should move from <i>Aquila</i> to join the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-crested_Eagle" title="Long-crested Eagle">Long-crested Eagle</a> in <i>Lophaetus</i>, or, perhaps better, all three of these species should move to <i>Ictinaetus</i> with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Eagle" title="Black Eagle">Black Eagle</a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe_Eagle" title="Steppe Eagle">Steppe Eagle</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawny_Eagle" title="Tawny Eagle">Tawny Eagle</a>, once thought to be conspecific, are not even each other's nearest relatives.</li>
</ul>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-50131807853271416952010-07-25T20:42:00.008+08:002010-11-05T20:46:44.235+08:00Merak / Peafowl<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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</tbody></table>The term <i><b>peafowl</b></i> can refer to the two <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><b>Pavo</b></i> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasant</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_%28biology%29" title="Family (biology)">family</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasianidae" title="Phasianidae">Phasianidae</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Peafowl" title="Congo Peafowl">Congo Peafowl</a> is placed in its own genus <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afropavo" title="Afropavo">Afropavo</a> and is not dealt with here. Peafowl are best known for the male's extravagant <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail" title="Tail">tail</a>, which it displays as part of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">courtship</a>. The male is called a <b>peacock</b>, and the female a <b>peahen</b>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacock#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup> although it is common to hear the female also referred to as a "peacock" or "female peacock". The female peafowl is brown or toned grey and brown. The two species are:<br />
<ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Peafowl" title="Indian Peafowl">Indian Peafowl</a>, <i>Pavo cristatus</i> (Asiatic)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Peafowl" title="Green Peafowl">Green Peafowl</a>, <i>Pavo muticus</i> (Asiatic)</li>
</ul>The <b>Indian Peafowl</b> is a resident breeder in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. The peacock is designated as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_bird" title="National bird">national bird</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and the provincial bird of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_%28Pakistan%29" title="Punjab (Pakistan)">Punjab (Pakistan)</a>.<br />
The <b>Green Peafowl</b> breeds from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Burma</a> east to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28island%29" title="Java (island)">Java</a>. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> lists the Green Peafowl as vulnerable to extinction due to hunting and a reduction in extent and quality of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_loss" title="Habitat loss">habitat</a>.<br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Plumage">Plumage</span></h2><br />
The male (peacock) Indian Peafowl has iridescent blue-green or green colored plumage. The so-called "tail" of the peacock, also termed the "train," is not the tail quill feathers but highly elongated upper tail <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_feather" title="Covert feather">coverts</a>. The train feathers have a series of eyes that are best seen when the tail is fanned. Both species have a crest atop the head.<br />
The female (peahen) Indian Peafowl has a mixture of dull green, brown, and grey in her plumage. She lacks the long upper tail coverts of the male but has a crest. The female can also display her plumage to ward off female competition or danger to her young.<br />
The Green Peafowl is different in appearance from the Indian Peafowl. The male has green and gold plumage and has an erect crest. The wings are black with a sheen of blue.<br />
Unlike the Indian Peafowl, the Green Peahen is very similar to the male, only having shorter upper tail coverts and less iridescence. It is very hard to tell a juvenile male from an adult female.<br />
Many of the brilliant colours of the peacock plumage are due to an optical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference_%28wave_propagation%29" title="Interference (wave propagation)">interference</a> phenomenon, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bragg_reflection" title="Bragg reflection">Bragg reflection</a>, based on (nearly) periodic nanostructures found in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbule" title="Barbule">barbules</a> (fiber-like components) of the feathers.<br />
Different colours correspond to different length scales of the periodic structures. For brown feathers, a mixture of red and blue is required: one colour is created by the periodic structure, and the other is a created by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabry%E2%80%93P%C3%A9rot_interferometer" title="Fabry–Pérot interferometer">Fabry–Pérot interference</a> peak from reflections off the outermost and innermost boundaries of the periodic structure. White peafowls are sometimes bred.<br />
Such interference-based <i>structural colour</i> is especially important in producing the peacock's <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridescent" title="Iridescent">iridescent</a> hues (which shimmer and change with viewing angle), since interference effects depend upon the angle of light, unlike chemical pigments.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-72128573542428215432010-07-25T20:26:00.008+08:002010-11-05T20:47:24.474+08:00Burung Tiong Mas / Common Hill Myna (Gracula religiosa)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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The <b>Common Hill Myna</b> (<i><b>Gracula religiosa</b></i>), sometimes spelled "mynah" and formerly simply known as <b>"<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Myna" title="Hill Myna">Hill Myna</a>"</b>, is the <b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myna_bird" title="Myna bird">myna bird</a></b> most commonly seen in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviculture" title="Aviculture">aviculture</a>, where it is often simply referred to by the latter two names. It is a member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starling" title="Starling">starling</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_%28biology%29" title="Family (biology)">family</a> (Sturnidae), resident in hill regions of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Hill_Myna" title="Sri Lanka Hill Myna">Sri Lanka Hill Myna</a>, a former <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of <i>G. religiosa</i>, is generally accepted as a separate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> <i>G. ptilogenys</i> nowadays. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enggano_Hill_Myna" title="Enggano Hill Myna">Enggano Hill Myna</a> (<i>G. enganensis</i>) and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nias_Hill_Myna" title="Nias Hill Myna">Nias Hill Myna</a> (<i>G. robusta</i>) are also widely accepted as specifically distinct, and many authors favor treating the <b>Southern Hill Myna</b> (<i>G. r. indica</i>) from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiris_%28mountains%29" title="Nilgiris (mountains)">Nilgiris</a> and elsewhere in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> of India as a separate species also.<br />
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This is a stocky jet-black <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myna" title="Myna">myna</a>, with bright orange-yellow patches of naked skin and fleshy wattles on the side of its head and nape. At about 29 cm length, it is somewhat larger than the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Myna" title="Common Myna">Common Myna</a> (<i>Acridotheres tristis</i>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-argg8398_0-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Hill_Myna#cite_note-argg8398-0">[1]</a></sup><br />
It is overall green-glossed black <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a>, purple-tinged on the head and neck. There are large white wing patches which are obvious in flight but mostly covered when the bird is sitting. The bill and strong legs are bright yellow, and there are yellow <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattle_%28anatomy%29" title="Wattle (anatomy)">wattles</a> on the nape and under the eye. These differ conspicuously in shape from the naked eye-patch of the Common Myna and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Myna" title="Bank Myna">Bank Myna</a> (<i>A. ginginianus</i>), and more subtly vary between the different hill mynas from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>: in the Common Hill Myna they extend from the eye to the nape, where they join, while the Sri Lanka Hill Myna has a single wattle across the nape and extending a bit towards the eyes. In the Southern Hill Myna, the wattles are separate and curve towards the top of the head. The Nias and Enggano Hill Mynas differ in details of the facial wattles, and size, particularly that of the bill.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-argg8398_0-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Hill_Myna#cite_note-argg8398-0">[1]</a></sup><br />
Sexes are similar; juveniles have a duller bill.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-argg8398_0-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Hill_Myna#cite_note-argg8398-0">[1]</a></sup><br />
With the Southern, Nias and Enggano Hill Mynas as separate species, the Common Hill Myna has seven or eight <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> which differ only slightly. They are:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Hill_Myna#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup><br />
<ul><li><i>Gracula religiosa andamanensis</i> <small>Beavan 1867</small> – <b>Andaman Hill Myna</b>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a>, Central (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancowry" title="Nancowry">Nancowry</a>) group of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicobar_Islands" title="Nicobar Islands">Nicobar Islands</a></li>
<li><i>Gracula religiosa batuensis</i> – <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Islands" title="Batu Islands">Batu</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentawai_Islands" title="Mentawai Islands">Mentawai Islands</a>.</li>
<li><i>Gracula religiosa halibrecta</i> <small>Oberholser 1926</small> – <b>Great Nicobar Hill Myna</b>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Nicobar" title="Great Nicobar">Great Nicobar</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Nicobar" title="Little Nicobar">Little Nicobar</a> and adjacent islets in the Nicobar Islands. Doubtfully distinct from <i>andamanensis</i>.</li>
<li><i>Gracula religiosa intermedia</i> – North-western <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochina" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> and adjacent north-eastern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and southern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.</li>
<li><i>Gracula religiosa palawanensis</i> – <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.</li>
<li><i>Gracula religiosa peninsularis</i> – <b>Bastar Hill Mynah</b>. Central India.</li>
<li><i>Gracula religiosa religiosa</i> – <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Sundas" title="Greater Sundas">Greater Sundas</a> (except <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>.</li>
<li><i>Gracula religiosa venerata</i> – Western <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Sundas" title="Lesser Sundas">Lesser Sundas</a>.</li>
</ul>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-15498214714871825522010-07-08T17:43:00.011+08:002010-11-25T00:43:14.042+08:00Biawak Air / Water Monitor<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5495667699374798066" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtNYu8THm1AXks9ia4C-olXDmgIiNJUk_5R5j9LNlbFrjxC0wZhQLqK03-8p5nFIqvTLOMAwKEChJiTDxjcglqan67iiyB6XdBhfASNiuoTBC-Ig4KH0Pan52MSmJlbVMIEJ5y5OW4AAQ/s1600/water+monitor.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></td></tr>
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</tbody></table>The <b>Water monitor</b>, (<i>Varanus salvator</i>) is a large species of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_lizard" title="Monitor lizard">monitor lizard</a> capable of growing to 3.21 metres (10.5 ft) in length, with the average size of most adults at 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) long.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_monitor#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup> Maximum weight of <i>Varanus salvator</i> can be over 25 kilograms (55 lb), but most are half that size. Their body is muscular with a long, powerful, laterally compressed tail. Water monitors are one of the most common monitor lizards found throughout Asia, and range from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, Indochina, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> and various islands of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, living in areas close to water.<br />
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Etymology<br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">generic</a> name <i>Varanus</i> is derived from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_%28language%29" title="Arabic (language)">Arabic</a> <i>waral</i> (ورل), which translates as "monitor" in English. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species">specific</a> name is the Latin word for "Saviour" denoting a possible religious connotation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sprackland_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_monitor#cite_note-Sprackland-1">[2]</a></sup> The Water monitor is occasionally confused with the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile_monitor" title="Crocodile monitor">Crocodile monitor</a> (<i>V. salvadorii</i>) because of their similar scientific names.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-badger_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_monitor#cite_note-badger-2">[3]</a></sup><br />
In Thailand, the word water monitor or actually local word 'เหี้ย' (hia) is used as an insulting word for bad and evil things including a bad person. Its name is also considered a word bringing a bad luck, so some people prefer to call them 'ตัวเงินตัวทอง' which means 'silver and gold' in Thai to avoid the jinx.<br />
The origin of this offensive meaning can be traced back to a time when more people lived in rural areas in close proximity to monitor lizards. Traditionally, Thai villagers lived in 2-story houses, the top floor was for living while the ground floor was designed to be a space for domestic animals such as pigs, chickens, and dogs. Water monitors would enter the ground floor and eat or maim the domestic animals, also hence the other name 'ตัวกินไก่' (Tua kin kai - chicken eater).Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-39972472326596755462009-10-25T03:43:00.003+08:002010-11-06T03:56:50.405+08:00Labah-labah / Spider<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5396254761636857570" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6xEz1_MzjBZCCM_j2tHfGVAOzLnozlHHj8N5VQc2RtdK2Z9wSOLMLWCU9EkLETTfsVj1GZR3TJ225MO-jk_STuld_Lfx1GmOi0uwL-x5dBQff5oOH9NL-XX9OcLJEiI6CWQqwijIjX8E/s1600/spider.jpg" style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;" /></td></tr>
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</tbody></table><b>Spiders</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_%28biology%29" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <b>Araneae</b>) are air-breathing <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelicerate" title="Chelicerate">chelicerate</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> that have eight legs, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelicera" title="Chelicera">chelicerae</a> modified into fangs that inject <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom" title="Venom">venom</a>. They are the largest order of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachnida" title="Arachnida">arachnids</a> and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other groups of organisms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sebastin_0-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider#cite_note-sebastin-0">[1]</a></sup> Spiders are found world-wide on every continent except for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, and have become established in nearly every <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niche</a> with the exception of air and sea colonization. As of 2008, approximately 40,000 spider <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_%28biology%29" title="Species (biology)">species</a>, and 109 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_%28biology%29" title="Family (biology)">families</a> have been recorded by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy" title="Taxonomy">taxonomists</a>;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WSC_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider#cite_note-WSC-1">[2]</a></sup> however, there has been confusion within the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">scientific community</a> as to how all these genera should be classified, as evidenced by the over 20 different classifications that have been proposed since 1900.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bioofspiders_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider#cite_note-Bioofspiders-2">[3]</a></sup><br />
Anatomically, spiders differ from other arthropods in that the usual body <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segment" title="Segment">segments</a> are fused into two <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagma_%28biology%29" title="Tagma (biology)">tagmata</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalothorax" title="Cephalothorax">cephalothorax</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>, and joined by a small, cylindrical <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedicel" title="Pedicel">pedicel</a>. Unlike <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insects" title="Insects">insects</a>, spiders do not have <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_%28biology%29" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a>. In all except the most primitive group, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesothelae" title="Mesothelae">Mesothelae</a>, spiders have the most centralized nervous systems of all arthropods, as all their <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglia" title="Ganglia">ganglia</a> are fused into one mass in the cephalothorax. Unlike most arthropods, spiders have no <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor" title="Extensor">extensor</a> muscles in their limbs and instead extend them by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic" title="Hydraulic">hydraulic</a> pressure.<br />
Their abdomens bear appendages that have been modified into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinneret_%28spider%29" title="Spinneret (spider)">spinnerets</a> that extrude <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">silk</a> from up to six types of silk glands within their abdomen. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_web" title="Spider web">Spider webs</a> vary widely in size, shape and the amount of sticky thread used. It now appears that the spiral orb web may be one of the earliest forms, and spiders that produce tangled cobwebs are more abundant and diverse than <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orb-web_spider" title="Orb-web spider">orb-web spiders</a>. Spider-like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachnid" title="Arachnid">arachnids</a> with silk-producing <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spigot" title="Spigot">spigots</a> appear in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_%28geology%29" title="Period (geology)">period</a> about <span class="plainlinksneverexpand plainlinks" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Timeline/Timeline.php?Ma=386" rel="nofollow">386</a> million years ago</span>, but these animals apparently lacked spinnerets. True spiders have been found in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> rocks from <span class="plainlinksneverexpand plainlinks" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Timeline/Timeline.php?Ma=318%E2%80%93299" rel="nofollow">318 to 299</a> million years ago</span>, and are very similar to the most primitive surviving <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_%28biology%29" title="Order (biology)">order</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesothelae" title="Mesothelae">Mesothelae</a>. The main groups of modern spiders, Mygalomorphae and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araneomorphae" title="Araneomorphae">Araneomorphae</a>, first appear in the Triassic period, before <span class="plainlinksneverexpand plainlinks" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Timeline/Timeline.php?Ma=200" rel="nofollow">200</a> million years ago</span>.<br />
A <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivory" title="Herbivory">vegetarian</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagheera_kiplingi" title="Bagheera kiplingi">species</a> was described in 2008,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sciencenewveggiespider_3-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider#cite_note-Sciencenewveggiespider-3">[4]</a></sup> but all other known species are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator" title="Predator">predators</a>, mostly preying on insects and on other spiders, although a few large species also take birds and lizards. Spiders use a wide range of strategies to capture prey: trapping it in sticky webs, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasso" title="Lasso">lassoing</a> it with sticky <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolas" title="Bolas">bolas</a>, mimicking the prey to avoid detection, or running it down. Most detect prey mainly by sensing vibrations, but the active hunters have acute vision, and hunters of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portia_%28spider%29" title="Portia (spider)">Portia</a></i> show signs of intelligence in their choice of tactics and ability to develop new ones. Spiders' guts are too narrow to take solids, and they liquidize their food by flooding it with digestive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> and grinding it with the bases of their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedipalp" title="Pedipalp">pedipalps</a>, as they do not have true jaws.<br />
Male spiders identify themselves by a variety of complex <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">courtship</a> rituals to avoid being eaten by the females. Males of most species survive a few matings, limited mainly by their short life spans. Females weave silk egg-cases, each of which may contain hundreds of eggs. Females of many species care for their young, for example by carrying them around or by sharing food with them. A minority of species are social, building communal webs that may house anywhere from a few to 50,000 individuals. Social behavior ranges from precarious toleration, as in the aggressive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrodectus" title="Latrodectus">widow spiders</a>, to co-operative hunting and food-sharing. Although most spiders live for at most two years, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarantula" title="Tarantula">tarantulas</a> and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mygalomorphae" title="Mygalomorphae">mygalomorph</a> spiders can live up to 25 years in captivity.<br />
While the venom of a few species is dangerous to humans, scientists are now researching the use of spider venom in medicine and as non-polluting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>. Spider silk provides a combination of lightness, strength and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity" title="Elasticity">elasticity</a> that is superior to that of synthetic materials, and spider silk genes have been inserted into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> to see if these can be used as silk factories. As a result of their wide range of behaviors, spiders have become common symbols in art and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology" title="Mythology">mythology</a> symbolizing various combinations of patience, cruelty and creative powers.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-76409911181985307592009-10-18T00:07:00.006+08:002010-11-25T01:39:28.268+08:00Mentadak / Mantis<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" height="426" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5393601530553135250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiErWZJ-ahgsY7Ij10rNCLMsqYHkrhWSyu0g4gr8S2xpkAWHgql-ad_t0Kv5jBOwH_Bmm5eAOiZGLrGnd0ClWzaK58pHnov7YnsY1tz4kpbRNK39fe9XVO-CqBmqMhFSTnNSo-u8_gBXdw/s640/gancung.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" width="640" /></td></tr>
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</tbody></table><b>Mantodea</b> or <b>mantises</b> is an order of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> which contains <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mantis_genera_and_species" title="List of mantis genera and species">approximately 2,200 species</a> in 9 families<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantis#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup> worldwide in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate" title="Temperate">temperate</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical" title="Tropical">tropical</a> habitats. Most of the species are in the family <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantidae" title="Mantidae">Mantidae</a>. Historically, the term "mantid" was used to refer to any member of the order because for most of the past century, only one family was recognized within the order; technically, however, the term only refers to this one family, meaning the species in the other eight recently-established families are not mantids, by definition (i.e., they are empusids, or hymenopodids, etc.), and the term "mantises" should be used when referring to the entire order. A colloquial name for the order is <b>"praying mantises"</b>, because of the typical "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a>-like" stance, although the term is often misspelled as "preying mantis" since mantises are notoriously <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predatory</a>. The word <i>mantis</i> is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> for "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a>" or "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_teller" title="Fortune teller">fortune teller</a>". In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the name "praying mantis" refers to <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantis_religiosa" title="Mantis religiosa">Mantis religiosa</a></i>. The closest relatives of mantises are the orders <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoptera" title="Isoptera">Isoptera</a> (termites) and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blattodea" title="Blattodea">Blattodea</a> (cockroaches), and these three groups together are sometimes ranked as an order rather than a superorder. They are sometimes confused with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasmatodea" title="Phasmatodea">phasmids</a> (stick/leaf insects) and other elongated insects such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshoppers</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_%28insect%29" title="Cricket (insect)">crickets</a>.<br />
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h2>Praying Mantises are exclusively <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory" title="Predatory">predatory</a>. Larger species have been known to prey on small <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, and even <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>, basically anything that it can successfully capture and devour. Most species are known to engage in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibalism" title="Cannibalism">cannibalism</a>. The majority of mantises are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">ambush</a> predators, waiting for prey to stray too near. The mantis then lashes out at remarkable speed. Some ground and bark species, however, pursue their prey rather quickly. Surprisingly, though, praying mantises are particularly susceptible to an enzyme found in the mucus excreted by slugs, and thus, their primary enemy is the slug. Prey items are caught and held securely with grasping, spiked forelegs ("<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptorial" title="Raptorial">raptorial</a> legs"); the first thoracic segment, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prothorax" title="Prothorax">prothorax</a>, is commonly elongated and flexibly articulated, allowing for greater range of movement of the front limbs while the remainder of the body remains more or less immobile. The articulation of the head is also remarkably flexible, permitting nearly 300 degrees of movement in some species, allowing for a great range of vision (their <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a> have a large <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">binocular field of vision</a>) without having to move the remainder of the body. As their hunting relies heavily on vision, they are primarily <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a>, but many species will fly at night.<br />
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reproduction_and_life_history">Reproduction and life history</span></h2><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_cannibalism" title="Sexual cannibalism">Sexual cannibalism</a> is common among mantises in captivity, and under some circumstances may also be observed in the field. The female may start feeding by biting off the male’s head (as with any prey), and if mating had begun, the male’s movements may become even more vigorous in its delivery of sperm. Early researchers thought that because copulatory movement is controlled by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglion" title="Ganglion">ganglion</a> in the abdomen, not the head, removal of the male’s head was a reproductive strategy by females to enhance fertilisation while obtaining sustenance. Later, this behaviour appeared to be an artifact of intrusive laboratory observation. Whether the behaviour in the field is natural, or also the result of distractions caused by the human observer, remains controversial. Mantises are highly visual creatures, and notice any disturbance occurring in the laboratory or field such as bright lights or moving scientists. Research by Liske and Davis (1987) and others found (e.g. using video recorders in vacant rooms) that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_mantis" title="Chinese mantis">Chinese mantises</a> that had been fed <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_libitum" title="Ad libitum">ad libitum</a></i> (so that they were not starving) actually displayed elaborate courtship behavior when left undisturbed. The male engages the female in courtship dance, to change her interest from feeding to mating. Courtship display has also been observed in other species, but it does not hold for all mantises.<br />
The reason for sexual cannibalism has been debated, with some considering submissive males to be achieving a selective advantage in their ability to produce offspring. This theory is supported by a quantifiable increase in the duration of copulation among males who are cannibalized, in some cases doubling both the duration and the chance of fertilization. This is further supported in a study where males were seen to approach hungry females with more caution, and were shown to remain mounted on hungry females for a longer time, indicating that males actively avoiding cannibalism may mate with multiple females. The act of dismounting is one of the most dangerous times for males during copulation, for it is at this time that females most frequently cannibalize their mates. This increase in mounting duration was thought to indicate that males would be more prone to wait for an opportune time to dismount from a hungry female rather than from a satiated female that would be less likely to cannibalize her mate. Some consider this to be an indication that male submissiveness does not inherently increase male reproductive success, rather that more fit males are likely to approach a female with caution and escape.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantis#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup><br />
The mating season in temperate climates typically begins in autumn. To mate following courtship, the male usually leaps onto the female’s back, and clasps her thorax and wing bases with his forelegs. He then arches his abdomen to deposit and store sperm in a special chamber near the tip of the female’s abdomen. The female then lays between 10 and 400 eggs, depending on the species. Eggs are typically deposited in a frothy mass that is produced by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">glands</a> in the abdomen. This froth then hardens, creating a protective capsule with a further protective coat, and the egg mass is called an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ootheca" title="Ootheca">ootheca</a>. Depending on the species these can be attached to a flat surface, wrapped around a plant or even deposited in the ground. Despite the versatility and durability of the eggs, they are often preyed on, especially by several species of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_wasp" title="Parasitic wasp">parasitic wasps</a>. In a few species, the mother guards the eggs.<br />
As in related insect groups, mantises go through three stages of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphosis_%28biology%29" title="Metamorphosis (biology)">metamorphosis</a>: egg, nymph, and adult (mantises are among the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemimetabolism" title="Hemimetabolism">hemimetabolic</a> insects). The nymph and adult insect are structurally quite similar, except that the nymph is smaller and has no wings or functional genitalia. The nymphs are also sometimes colored differently from the adult, and the early stages are often <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimics</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>. A mantis nymph increases in size (often changing its diet as it does so) by replacing its outer body covering with a sturdy, flexible <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">molting</a> when needed. This can happen up to five to ten times, depending on the species. After the final molt most species have wings, though some species are wingless or brachypterous ("short-winged"), particularly in the female sex.<br />
In tropical species, the natural lifespan of a mantis in the wild is about 10–12 months, but some species kept in captivity have been sustained for 14 months. In colder areas, females will die during the winter (as well as any surviving males).Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-22191166906790674862009-10-15T04:05:00.002+08:002009-10-15T04:09:52.921+08:00Ulat Gonggok / Millipede<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL6xWp5EcTiT5BF9nDoQi1wDK3MoJX0Np_lFH7fi0pA_SUQxiFNGn2oUHiqP3gKBpgNcFsrGXwCTDFH8GU8saUbKEqBTbmxDDVTRbmcWiqqjZOIhyphenhyphenhSgk64WoMFf8rD9cI2LjE1m_rRQc/s1600-h/gonggok.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 267px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL6xWp5EcTiT5BF9nDoQi1wDK3MoJX0Np_lFH7fi0pA_SUQxiFNGn2oUHiqP3gKBpgNcFsrGXwCTDFH8GU8saUbKEqBTbmxDDVTRbmcWiqqjZOIhyphenhyphenhSgk64WoMFf8rD9cI2LjE1m_rRQc/s400/gonggok.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5392550172418661282" border="0" /></a><br /><p><b>Millipedes</b>, known as <b>shongololos</b> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millipede#cite_note-1"><span></span></a></sup> are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> that have two pairs of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod_leg" title="Arthropod leg">legs</a> per segment (except for the first segment behind the head which does not have any <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendage" title="Appendage">appendages</a> at all, and the next few which only have one pair of legs). Each segment that has two pairs of legs is a result of two single segments fused together as one. Most millipedes have very elongated cylindrical bodies, although some are flattened dorso-ventrally, while <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pill_millipede" title="Pill millipede">pill millipedes</a> are shorter and can roll into a ball, like a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillidiidae" title="Armadillidiidae">pillbug</a>.</p> <p>Millipedes are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detritivore" title="Detritivore">detritivores</a> and slow moving. Most millipedes eat decaying <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> and other dead <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> matter, moisturising the food with secretions and then scraping it in with the jaws. However they can also be a minor garden pest, especially in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a> where they can cause severe damage to emergent seedlings. Signs of millipede damage include the stripping of the outer layers of a young plant stem and irregular damage to leaves and plant apices.</p> <p>This class contains around 10,000 species. There are 13 orders and 115 families.</p> <p>The giant African millipede (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archispirostreptus_gigas" title="Archispirostreptus gigas">Archispirostreptus gigas</a></i>) is the largest species of millipede.</p> <p>Millipedes can be easily distinguished from the somewhat similar and related <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centipede" title="Centipede">centipedes</a> (Class <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilopoda" title="Chilopoda" class="mw-redirect">Chilopoda</a>), which move rapidly, and have a single pair of legs for each body segment.</p> <p>Unlike centipedes however, millipedes are by nature not predators, and due to their slow, non-aggressive behavior and simple diet of decomposing leaves, are easy to keep and ideal as pets.</p>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-26719258897372776092009-10-15T03:08:00.002+08:002009-10-15T03:17:06.622+08:00Bunga Bawang / Zephyranthes<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFOYA7dRRFNRzcvXzmcW6xykB3XGTRKdrthNJJsiWbyt1JpgCpl4NSGV5wsbiTjix-SvCkSd1VeCVj_OrzfThocTR6A0jpKBeFvG_z9_8-dx41R5iQ2JMJIzGAeeSActPhAtkXSPlIn7E/s1600-h/bunga+putih.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 267px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFOYA7dRRFNRzcvXzmcW6xykB3XGTRKdrthNJJsiWbyt1JpgCpl4NSGV5wsbiTjix-SvCkSd1VeCVj_OrzfThocTR6A0jpKBeFvG_z9_8-dx41R5iQ2JMJIzGAeeSActPhAtkXSPlIn7E/s400/bunga+putih.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5392536497891476386" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYMCGi_gAR0ud2imAneNL3gGOtIT9AsNZMn0DKsgEgYZI3FtOJXjw0BUawatpHp5rLoaJoylM1_3YDZEsRV5xRu3g1UXo6TaI1p4inLFDP64IW3Hv2vEyV9BWc0892sXw4q0mwy8Pae7w/s1600-h/bunga+merah.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYMCGi_gAR0ud2imAneNL3gGOtIT9AsNZMn0DKsgEgYZI3FtOJXjw0BUawatpHp5rLoaJoylM1_3YDZEsRV5xRu3g1UXo6TaI1p4inLFDP64IW3Hv2vEyV9BWc0892sXw4q0mwy8Pae7w/s400/bunga+merah.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5392536488358128546" border="0" /></a><br /><p><i><b>Zephyranthes</b></i> <span title="Pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"></span><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyranthes#cite_note-0"><span></span><span></span></a></sup> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of about 70<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyranthes#cite_note-1"><span></span><span></span></a></sup> species in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllis</a> family. Common names for species in this genus include <b>fairy lily</b>, <b>rainflower</b>, <b>zephyr lily</b>, <b>magic lily</b> and <b>rain lily</b>.</p> <p>According Meerow et al., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistics</a> suggests that they are native to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. This is important to mention since several species have become <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisation_%28biology%29" title="Naturalisation (biology)">naturalized</a> (sometimes unintentionally) in distant places like Hawaii, Indonesia, and Thailand. The species that are native to the higher altitudes in Mexico (e.g. <i>Z. lindleyana</i>) and parts of North America (e.g. <i>Z. longifolia</i>) or Argentina (e.g. <i>Z. candida</i>) represent the species having the greatest potential for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardiness_%28plants%29" title="Hardiness (plants)">cold hardiness</a>.</p> <p>These perennial <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophyte" title="Geophyte" class="mw-redirect">geophytes</a> are remarkable for the many ecological niches they tolerate (periodically wet soil to desert conditions), and have many ornamental characteristics worth preserving. Care should be taken with the plants since many of the parts, leaves, bulbs etc. are toxic. Although the genus has been evaluated for possible medicinal properties the biochemically toxic compounds are things like alkaloids. (Kojima et al. 1997.)</p> <p>Species in the genus which are listed in this article, vary in morphology. Characteristics such as bulb size, tunic color, and leaf morphology help to identify the species. Foliage in the wild is often ephemeral, but under cultivation becomes more persistent. Leaf color ranges from the bright grassy green of <i>Z. candida</i> (shown in the photo) to rather broad glaucous colored foliage such as Z. drummondii. A few of the species have distinct bronze tints in the foliage when grown in bright light. Size of leaves in these species, ranges from dark green and tiny grassy leaves in species like <i>Z.jonesi</i> or <i>Z. longifolia</i>, to broader, glaucous leaves in species like <i>Z. drummondii</i>, and perhaps largest of all, the cultivar commonly known as "Horsetail Falls" which has handsome broad leaves almost like a <i>Hippeastrum</i>.</p> <p>Flower color in the species ranges from white to yellow (various tints of this color from lemon to sulfur) and pink. Zephyranthes have erect flower stalks which support a flower that may be upward facing or slightly nodding. The funnel-shaped, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> with six <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petals</a> can be crocus shaped, but may also open flat such as in Z.jonesii or even reflex slightly. The flowers of some species have a sweet, pleasant fragrance. Fragrance appears to be recessive in crosses, but there are a few species or hybrids, <i>Z. drummondii</i> (white), <i>Z. morrisclintae</i> (pink)and <i>Z.jonesii</i> (light yellow), that all carry the trait. At least 2 of these open their flowers at night and are attractive to nocturnal insects. The flowers typically last only for a day or two; but new flowers may appear in a succession of blooms, especially during humid or rainy weather. Various members of the genus may bloom spring only or repeat and continue into autumn, often a few days after rainstorms thus one of the common names, rainlilies. Periods of synchronous bloom, which breeders have dubbed 'blitzes', are part of their ornamental value, but also times breeders exploit for the purpose of producing new hybrids. (Marta 2005)</p> <p>Most species under cultivation will bloom without the naturally imposed drought and wet that occurs in nature. Greenhouse grown plants bloom very freely but cycle through periods of bloom. One of the longest blooming of all the species is <i>Z. primulina</i> which blooms from April until October. Although it is apomictic, it is a choice parent for crosses because of its rapid repeat flowering trait and long bloom season. Some other species such as <i>Z. Morrisclintae</i> appear to bloom only in the spring season. Most of these species are easily propagated vegetatively via offsets or twin scaling. A few of them such a Z.clintae are slow to produce increase. Unusual phenotypes can be preserved vegetatively. Sexual reproduction is via seed. The apomictic species freely set seed and faithfully reproduce the maternal phenotype. Sterility in hybrids can be problematic;reasons for this are mentioned below. Seed usually is best sown quickly after harvest, although short term storage can be successful. Maiden seedling can be brought into bloom for some of the hybrid in 8-12 after sowing in ideal conditions. This is great for doing necessary checks for apomixis. Currently these plants are grown in the garden in USDA zones 7 and higher. Hopefully with some attention from breeders new cultivar might increase the plants' cold hardiness. Often the plants are sold in nurseries already potted up, this is a great benefit since the growth cycle is not interrupted. Dried bulbs are marketed wholesale and rarely may be slow to rebloom. Such bulbs usually recover once they have a long growing season after rooting out.</p> <p>Breeding with these species has some inherent difficulties summarized by M. RoyChowdhury (2006 JAAS) as ranging from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthogenesis" title="Parthogenesis" class="mw-redirect">pseudogamy</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomixis" title="Apomixis">apomixis</a>, differences in chromosome number and varying times of flowering. In spite of these drawbacks interesting breeding work is being done to enhance the value of the plants as ornamentals. Because of the nature botanical restriction breeding programs often encounter impediments. Reciprocal crosses may be difficult because the apomictic parent cannot be used as female parents. However interspecific crosses are well documented (RoyChowdhury 2006). There are tri-hybrids and quad hybrids being produced. (Crossing 3 or 4 distinct species.) Such work indicates that complex hybrids should be possible. One constraint remains that seedlings may still carry the apomictic trait, and it is necessary to have progeny from a test cross to determine this. Mr. John Fellers, Mr. Fadjar Marta and Mr. Tony Avent are just a few of the talented breeders currently working today to increase the potential for these plants. Their work has come to the attention of connoisseurs of the these plants. Colors in man-made crosses currently include red, orange, tan, salmon, blends, picotees and stripes. Floral types such as goblet shaped, wavy petal edges, narrow petals and doubles have been bred (Marta 2005). Complex hybrids may have advantages in holding their flowers open longer, up to three days. While difficult, there have been a few attempts to cross some of these species with related species in the genus Habranthus. Currently it appears that a few crosses with large flowered Habranthus species have been possible for example the cultivar, 'Normal Pearl' which is an intergeneric cross.</p> <p>The name Zephyranthes comes from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyrus" title="Zephyrus" class="mw-redirect">Zephyrus</a>, the god of the west wind in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>.Therefore one translation for a common name might be Westwind Flower. The west wind presumably brings rain that these plants revel in.</p>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-49640936123261248892009-09-16T06:12:00.003+08:002010-11-25T01:34:38.996+08:00Siput Babi / Achatina fulica / Snail<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpEpYydgxMO1xG9OEbdJ-j7Nqxuu8FJ_5-n0_MMYeiaJ0yQ6VzJ86lcfIiIdBssQJ3RasezkoGr-Tt2H6QtO2vlgg0XYEN37WbiNBpqKrnMtvYUDg9dO85tPsvZ0e4XqQe6IeG1SBVCPA/s1600-h/siput.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" height="425" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5381821171706603490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpEpYydgxMO1xG9OEbdJ-j7Nqxuu8FJ_5-n0_MMYeiaJ0yQ6VzJ86lcfIiIdBssQJ3RasezkoGr-Tt2H6QtO2vlgg0XYEN37WbiNBpqKrnMtvYUDg9dO85tPsvZ0e4XqQe6IeG1SBVCPA/s640/siput.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" width="640" /></a><br />
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The <b>East African land snail</b>, or <b>giant African land snail</b>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_name" title="Scientific name">scientific name</a> <i>Achatina fulica</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achatina_fulica#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup>, is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of large, air-breathing land <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snail</a>, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonate" title="Pulmonate">pulmonate</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod" title="Gastropod">gastropod</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk" title="Mollusk">mollusk</a> in the family <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achatinidae" title="Achatinidae">Achatinidae</a>.<br />
In recent times, the land snails have been kept as pets; however, they are illegal to possess in some countries including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achatina_fulica#cite_note-2">[3]</a></sup>. The snails are easy to keep and, when bred in captivity, are unlikely to carry parasites.<br />
It is native to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, however the species has been widely introduced to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, to the Pacific and Indian Ocean islands, and to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. Where the snail is seen as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_%28organism%29" title="Pest (organism)">pest</a>, it has been intercepted widely by quarantine officials, and incipient invasions have been successfully eradicated, for instance in the mainland USA.<br />
It is distributed in China since 1931. It's initial point of distribution in China was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>.<br />
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The adult <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a> have a height of around 7 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimetre" title="Centimetre">cm</a> (2.5 inches), and their length can reach 20 cm (8 inches) or more.<br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod_shell" title="Gastropod shell">shell</a> has a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_%28geometry%29" title="Cone (geometry)">conical</a> shape, being about twice as high as it is broad. Either clockwise (sinistral) or anti-clockwise (dextral) directions can be observed in the coiling of the shell, although the right-handed (dextral) cone is the more common. Shell colouration is highly variable, and dependent on diet. Typically, brown is the predominant colour and the shell is banded.<br />
The East African land snail is native to East Africa, especially <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>. Its habitat includes most regions of the humid <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a>, including many Pacific islands, southern and eastern Asia, and the Caribbean. It is a highly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, and colonies can be formed from a single <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravid" title="Gravid">gravid</a> individual. The species has established itself in temperate climates also, and in many places release into the wild is illegal. The giant snail can now be found in agricultural areas, coastland, natural forest, planted forests, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparian" title="Riparian">riparian</a> zones, scrub/shrublands, urban areas, and wetlands.<br />
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The Giant East African Snail is a macrophytophagous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivore</a>; it eats a wide range of plant material, fruit and vegetables. It will sometimes eat sand, very small stones, bones from carcasses and even concrete as calcium sources for its shell. In rare instances the snails will consume each other.<br />
In captivity, this species can be fed on grain products such as bread, digestive biscuits and chicken feed. Fruits and vegetables must be washed diligently as the snail is very sensitive to any lingering pesticides.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2008">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> In captivity, snails need <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuttlebone" title="Cuttlebone">cuttlebone</a> to aid the growth and strength for their shells. As with all molluscs, they enjoy the yeast in beer, which serves as a growth stimulus.<br />
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The Giant East African Snail is a simultaneous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodite</a>; each individual has both <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testes" title="Testes">testes</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovaries" title="Ovaries">ovaries</a> and is capable of producing both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovum" title="Ovum">ova</a>. Instances of self fertilisation are rare, occurring only in small populations. Although both snails in a mating pair can simultaneously transfer gametes to each other (bilateral mating), this is dependent on the size difference between the partners. Snails of similar size will reproduce in this way. Two snails of differing sizes will mate unilaterally (one way), with the larger individual acting as a female. This is due to the comparative resource investment associated with the different genders.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from December 2008">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
Like other land snails, these have intriguing mating behaviour, including petting their heads and front parts against each other. Courtship can last up to half an hour, and the actual transfer of gametes can last for two hours. Transferred sperm can be stored within the body for up to two years. The number of eggs per clutch averages around 200. A snail may lay 5-6 clutches per year with a hatching viability of about 90%.<br />
Adult size is reached in about six months; after which growth slows but does not ever cease. Life expectancy is commonly five or six years in captivity, but the snails may live for up to ten years. They are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal" title="Nocturnal">active at night</a> and spend the day buried underground.<br />
The East African Land Snail is capable of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estivation" title="Estivation">aestivating</a> for up to three years in times of extreme drought, sealing itself into its shell by secretion of a calcerous compound that dries on contact with the air. This is impermeable; the snail will not lose any water during this period.<br />
In many places the snail is seen as a pest. Suggested preventative measures include strict <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a> to prevent introduction and further spread. Many methods, including hand collecting and use of molluscicides and flame-throwers, have been tried to eradicate the giant snail. Generally, none of them has been effective except where implemented at the first sign of infestation.<br />
In some regions, an effort has been made to promote use of the Giant East African Snail as a food resource, the collecting of the snails for food being seen as a method of controlling them. However, promoting a pest in this way is a controversial measure, as it may encourage the further deliberate spread of the snails.<br />
One particularly catastrophic attempt to biologically control this species occurred on South Pacific Islands. Colonies of <i>A. fulica</i> were introduced as a food reserve for the American military during the second world war and they escaped. A carnivorous species was later introduced, but it instead heavily harvested the native <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partula_%28genus%29" title="Partula (genus)">Partula</a></i>, causing the loss of several species within a decade.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-41798023003263346832009-08-02T18:54:00.005+08:002010-11-25T01:30:41.942+08:00Kerengga / Weaver ant<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqRJD9SoqOvaFxLMfjdxUNIVZXLeQgMT9BjxG8STTs1VPFwxFVTvsKTbwM21cHVS75Mh_sm552XV_2r3wnzl5Oj2qYFNYlM7UNUPxResfktlW7yn6wHpNyAMhKj1bNYByB1cNw3u0u6CI/s1600-h/kerengge.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" height="426" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5365318307465970402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqRJD9SoqOvaFxLMfjdxUNIVZXLeQgMT9BjxG8STTs1VPFwxFVTvsKTbwM21cHVS75Mh_sm552XV_2r3wnzl5Oj2qYFNYlM7UNUPxResfktlW7yn6wHpNyAMhKj1bNYByB1cNw3u0u6CI/s640/kerengge.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" width="640" /></a><br />
<b>Weaver ants</b> or <b>Green ants</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i>Oecophylla</i>) are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusocial" title="Eusocial">eusocial</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insects" title="Insects">insects</a> of the family <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formicidae" title="Formicidae">Formicidae</a> (order <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a>). Weaver ants are obligately <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboreal" title="Arboreal">arboreal</a> and are known for their unique nest building behaviour where workers construct nests by weaving together leaves using larval <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaver_ant#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup> Colonies can be extremely large consisting of more than a hundred nests spanning numerous trees and contain more than half a million workers. Like many other ant species, weaver ants prey on small insects and supplement their diet with carbohydrate-rich <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeydew_%28secretion%29" title="Honeydew (secretion)">honeydew</a> excreted by small insects (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera</a>). <i>Oecophylla</i> workers exhibit a clear <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimodal" title="Bimodal">bimodal</a> size distribution, with almost no overlap between the size of the minor and major workers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaver_ant#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaver_ant#cite_note-2">[3]</a></sup> The major workers are approximately eight to ten millimeters in length and the minors approximately half the length of the majors. There is a division of labour associated with the size difference between workers. Major workers forage, defend, maintain and expand the colony whereas minor workers tend to stay within the nests where they care for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brood" title="Brood">brood</a> and 'milk' <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_insects" title="Scale insects">scale insects</a> in or close to the nests. <i>Oecophylla</i> weaver ants vary in color from reddish to yellowish brown dependent on the species. <i>Oecophylla smaragdina</i> found in Australia often have bright green <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaster" title="Gaster">gasters</a>. These ants are highly territorial and workers aggressively defend their territories against intruders. Because of their aggressive behaviour, weaver ants are sometime used by indigenous farmers, particularly in southeast Asia, as natural biocontrol agents against agricultural pests. Although <i>Oecophylla</i> weaver ants lack a functional sting they can inflict painful bites and often spray <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">formic acid</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaver_ant#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaver_ant#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup> directly at the bite wound resulting in intense discomfort.<br />
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaver_antAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-68127987816942735712009-08-01T23:17:00.002+08:002010-11-25T01:28:08.036+08:00Daun Sirih / Betel<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjb7B_zBapZYJEKa9zpQR5IA4XqGGZ0JBwEA9Ij2xjpnXXGPoNIy1WzBhRQkHp-C8WeHf-C13B6hmHjA9REcCrte_UM11IWgdGDETpOX3bNs8cQvD4J6cTEZ-HsM4Qpo4G607NIGfoIMw/s1600-h/sirih.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" height="425" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5365017162031065266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjb7B_zBapZYJEKa9zpQR5IA4XqGGZ0JBwEA9Ij2xjpnXXGPoNIy1WzBhRQkHp-C8WeHf-C13B6hmHjA9REcCrte_UM11IWgdGDETpOX3bNs8cQvD4J6cTEZ-HsM4Qpo4G607NIGfoIMw/s640/sirih.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" width="640" /></a><br />
The <b>Betel</b> (<i>Piper betle</i>) is the leaf of a vine belonging to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperaceae" title="Piperaceae">Piperaceae</a> family, which includes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a>. It is valued both as a mild stimulant and for its medicinal properties.<br />
The betel plant is an evergreen and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> creeper, with glossy heart-shaped leaves and white <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catkin" title="Catkin">catkin</a>. The Betel plant originated from South and South East Asia (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>).<br />
The betel leaf is known as <i>Paan</i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, and <i>Taambuul</i> and <i>Nagavalli</i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. Some of the names in the regions in which it is consumed are: <i>Vetrilai</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>,<i>Tamalapaku</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu" title="Telugu">Telugu</a>, <i>Vidyache pan</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi" title="Marathi">Marathi</a>, <i>veeleyada yele</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <i>Vettila</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_language" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>, <i>Plū</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a>, <i>Malus</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetum" title="Tetum">Tetum</a>, <i>Maluu</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>, <i>Plue</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, <i>Malus</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetum" title="Tetum">Tetum</a>, <i>Bulath</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhalese</a>, <i>Malu</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokodede" title="Tokodede">Tokodede</a>, <i>Bileiy</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divehi" title="Divehi">Divehi</a>, <i>bulung samat</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan language</a>, <i>daun sirih</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a>, <i>Papulu</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamorro" title="Chamorro">Chamorro</a> and <i>Trầu</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-71346573068361776292009-08-01T22:09:00.008+08:002010-11-25T01:07:22.093+08:00Teratai / Nymphaea / Water Lily<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJIN8nZkQ4938nbr2oA6-udS7a82-xecqvugf7VwsGcy_wfEwoa6blpHSeaxIFSq9hA2hswI0FFwnxxFqW8npHForUUCK5ElqJipPY_LjywGuYZ6CXdYzKqG6Jtq2JHDHzXv8onUqk9Ek/s1600-h/teratai.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5364998042062466386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJIN8nZkQ4938nbr2oA6-udS7a82-xecqvugf7VwsGcy_wfEwoa6blpHSeaxIFSq9hA2hswI0FFwnxxFqW8npHForUUCK5ElqJipPY_LjywGuYZ6CXdYzKqG6Jtq2JHDHzXv8onUqk9Ek/s1600/teratai.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<i><b>Nymphaea</b></i> (pronounced <span class="IPA" title="Pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/nɪmˈfiː.ə/</a></span>) is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">aquatic plants</a> in the family <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">Nymphaeaceae</a>. There are about 50 species in the genus, which has a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan distribution</a>.<br />
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The common name, shared with some other genera in the same family, is <b>water-lily</b> or <b>waterlily</b>.<br />
The name <i>Nymphaea</i> comes from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a> term "Νυμφαία", possibly related to "Νύμφη" meaning "nymph". The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymphs</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> were supernatural feminine beings associated with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_%28hydrosphere%29" title="Spring (hydrosphere)">springs</a>, so the application of the name to delicately flowered <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">aquatic plants</a> is understandable.<br />
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Despite their name, water-lilies are not related to the true lilies (family <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a>). The name "lily" is applied to a number of plants that are not at all closely related, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylily" title="Daylily">day lilies</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenocallis" title="Hymenocallis">spider lilies</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zantedeschia" title="Zantedeschia">arum lilies</a>, in addition to the water lilies. <i>Nymphaea</i> (Egyptian lotuses) are also not related to the Chinese and Indian lotus of genus <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelumbo" title="Nelumbo">Nelumbo</a></i>, which are used in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a> cooking and sacred to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<br />
However, the genus <i>Nymphaea</i> is closely related to <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuphar" title="Nuphar">Nuphar</a></i>, another genus commonly called "lotus". In <i>Nymphaea</i>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flower</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petals</a> are much larger than the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">sepals</a>, whereeas in <i>Nuphar</i> the petals are much smaller than its sepals. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> maturation also differs, with <i>Nymphaea</i> fruit sinking below the water level immediately after the flower closes, whereas <i>Nuphar</i> fruit are held above water level to maturity. Both genera share <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> with a radial notch from the circumference to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_%28botany%29" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a> (leaf stem) in the center.<br />
he <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">ancient Egyptians</a> revered the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> water-lilies, or <b>lotuses</b> as they were also called. The lotus motif is a frequent feature of temple column architecture. <br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaea_caerulea" title="Nymphaea caerulea">Egyptian Blue Water-lily</a>, <i>N. caerulea</i>, opens its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> in the morning and then sinks beneath the water at dusk, while the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaea_lotus" title="Nymphaea lotus">Egyptian White Water-lily</a>, <i>N. lotus</i>, flowers at night and closes in the morning. This symbolizes the Egyptian separation of deities and is a motif associated with Egyptian beliefs concerning death and the afterlife. The recent discovery of psychedelic properties of the blue lotus may also have been known to the Egyptians and explain its ceremonial role. Remains of both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> have been found in the burial tomb of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>.<br />
The French <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painter</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a> is famous for his paintings of water lilies.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-13655497676364589572009-07-21T02:59:00.006+08:002010-11-24T21:58:07.251+08:00Belalang / Grasshopper<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifBPDTKQWgxNF8BSGB_-AgYDHg3NnyucthlSLXcgr56VC7yM2XDAzV9XN8Kv-HSkuiPdJKSd4xn2z1qRpOV6tgghwb6Aghg5ZFRVIo43UpKhlEIeNW8N3G8fAif7LDQ5zE3HnHvzDZ6oI/s1600-h/belalang1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5360619669126480418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifBPDTKQWgxNF8BSGB_-AgYDHg3NnyucthlSLXcgr56VC7yM2XDAzV9XN8Kv-HSkuiPdJKSd4xn2z1qRpOV6tgghwb6Aghg5ZFRVIo43UpKhlEIeNW8N3G8fAif7LDQ5zE3HnHvzDZ6oI/s1600/belalang1.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzS_XxkFPtpUHbHXi9tXHp2dFFuEX9qv2Nmw-aMQqBLqDQK-Mw6an_Qh4hzjfajbGZvhSARGqVuA56Z0xjGfS_8H0AaoUqWteedZ2jL_SRuAEe9gbuiInu7OerJCJ_Lq4QMhJM-WNI8wo/s1600-h/belalang2.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5360619665010269714" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzS_XxkFPtpUHbHXi9tXHp2dFFuEX9qv2Nmw-aMQqBLqDQK-Mw6an_Qh4hzjfajbGZvhSARGqVuA56Z0xjGfS_8H0AaoUqWteedZ2jL_SRuAEe9gbuiInu7OerJCJ_Lq4QMhJM-WNI8wo/s1600/belalang2.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
The <b>grasshopper</b> is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> of the suborder <b>Caelifera</b> in the order <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoptera" title="Orthoptera">Orthoptera</a>. To distinguish it from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tettigoniidae" title="Tettigoniidae">bush crickets or katydids</a>, it is sometimes referred to as short-horned grasshoppers. Species that change colour and behaviour at high population densities are called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locusts</a>.<br />
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<h2><span class="mw-headline">Characteristics</span></h2><br />
Grasshoppers have <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_%28biology%29" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a> that are almost always shorter than the body (sometimes filamentous), and short <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovipositor" title="Ovipositor">ovipositors</a>. Those species that make easily heard noises usually do so by rubbing the hind femurs against the forewings or abdomen (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridulation" title="Stridulation">stridulation</a>), or by snapping the wings in flight. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tympanal_organ" title="Tympanal organ">Tympana</a>, if present, are on the sides of the first abdominal segment. The hind femora are typically long and strong, fitted for leaping. Generally they are winged, but hind wings are membranous while front wings (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegmina" title="Tegmina">tegmina</a>) are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriaceous" title="Coriaceous">coriaceous</a> and not fit for flight. Females are normally larger than males, with short ovipositors. Males have a single unpaired plate at the end of the abdomen. Females have two pairs of valves ( triangles) at the end of the abdomen used to dig in sand when egg laying.<br />
They are easily confused with the other sub-order of Orthoptera, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensifera" title="Ensifera">Ensifera</a>, but are different in many aspects, such as the number of segments in their antennae and structure of the ovipositor, as well as the location of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tympanal_organ" title="Tympanal organ">tympana</a> and modes of sound production. Ensiferans have antennae with at least 20-24 segments, and caeliferans have fewer. In evolutionary terms, the split between the Caelifera and the Ensifera is no more recent than the Permo-Triassic boundary (Zeuner 1939).<br />
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<script type="text/javascript">
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<script src="http://synad2.nuffnang.com.my/j.js" type="text/javascript">
</script>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-13226606270843234452009-07-18T17:41:00.001+08:002010-11-25T01:02:32.460+08:00Bayam / Spinach<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv08YiloQBuJZDax2C823Il2Hap-iVCMi0STRE7rOi0RmK0ROFBiFef279HN2u9NRDF3mr902gk8TwkoykcxypBX27p66ZT6btZo0N2JAKyJoCyYk9v8EU6g_LcPdyLhyphenhyphenQ3QDiG30iVz4/s1600-h/bayam.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5359733210402041954" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv08YiloQBuJZDax2C823Il2Hap-iVCMi0STRE7rOi0RmK0ROFBiFef279HN2u9NRDF3mr902gk8TwkoykcxypBX27p66ZT6btZo0N2JAKyJoCyYk9v8EU6g_LcPdyLhyphenhyphenQ3QDiG30iVz4/s1600/bayam.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<b>Spinach</b> (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i>) is an edible <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> in the family of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a>. It is native to central and southwestern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. It is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual plant</a> (rarely <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennial_plant" title="Biennial plant">biennial</a>), which grows to a height of up to 30 cm. Spinach may survive over winter in temperate regions. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> are alternate, simple, ovate to triangular-based, very variable in size from about 2-30 cm long and 1-15 cm broad, with larger leaves at the base of the plant and small leaves higher on the flowering stem. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> are inconspicuous, yellow-green, 3-4 mm diameter, maturing into a small hard dry lumpy <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> cluster 5-10 mm across containing several <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>.<br />
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<h2><span class="mw-headline">History</span></h2>Primitive forms of spinach are found in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and that is probably where the plant was first domesticated. Other than the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, it was unknown in the ancient world. After the early <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquests" title="Muslim conquests">Muslim conquests</a> the plant spread to other areas. In 647, it was taken to China, possibly by Persians. Muslim Arabs diffused the plant westward up to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Islamic Spain</a>. By the eleventh century it was a common plant in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinach#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup><br />
In India, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_language" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>, it is called <b>Cheera (ചീര)</b>, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, it is called <b>Keerai (கீரை)</b> and in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi" title="Marathi">Marathi</a> it is known as <b>Palak (पालक)</b>, <b>Paala koora (పాల కూర)</b> in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu" title="Telugu">Telugu</a> and is one among commonly consumed green vegetables.<br />
Spinach was the favorite vegetable of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de_Medici" title="Catherine de Medici">Catherine de Medici</a>, a historical figure in the 16th century. When she left her home of Florence, Italy, to marry the king of France, she brought along her own cooks, who could prepare spinach the ways that she especially liked. Since this time, dishes prepared on a bed of spinach are referred to as "a la Florentine."Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-3581537771206026672009-07-17T22:57:00.000+08:002010-10-26T17:31:35.236+08:00Pyrrhocoridae<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-91528290921969629662009-07-17T22:54:00.001+08:002010-11-25T01:15:45.266+08:00Belalang Pelesit / Tettigoniidae<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHbZGTTu83MwcrTmVxvzGz3q0-vw2Hjxm-f6HZhIrSt40yK6RhTzlzx3fm_Qx6Gfay51LhM2Xbfu4OyVeOYOTWoKEgzzLqppuFkvVsas1TfEjsin9GaXEyXVXXrkfkKWy3R56Y0TBKOv0/s1600/pelesit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHbZGTTu83MwcrTmVxvzGz3q0-vw2Hjxm-f6HZhIrSt40yK6RhTzlzx3fm_Qx6Gfay51LhM2Xbfu4OyVeOYOTWoKEgzzLqppuFkvVsas1TfEjsin9GaXEyXVXXrkfkKWy3R56Y0TBKOv0/s640/pelesit.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_PupE2IgcxpM/SmCQ6VDKU-I/AAAAAAAAADc/H3xR-8gmZzA/s1600-h/PELESIT.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><br />
</a></div>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_%28biology%29" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <b>Tettigoniidae</b>, known in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> as <b>katydids</b> and in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> as <b>bush-crickets</b>, contains more than 6,400 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>. It is part of the suborder <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensifera" title="Ensifera">Ensifera</a> and the only family in the superfamily Tettigonioidea. They are also known as <b>long-horned grasshoppers</b>, although they are more closely related to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_%28insect%29" title="Cricket (insect)">crickets</a> than to grasshoppers. Many tettigoniids exhibit <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimicry</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>, commonly with shapes and colors similar to leaves.<br />
Tettigoniids may be distinguished from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshoppers</a> by the length of their filamentous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_%28biology%29" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a>, which may exceed their own body length, while grasshoppers' antennae are always relatively short and thickened.<br />
The males of tettigoniids have sound-producing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_%28anatomy%29" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a> (via <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridulation" title="Stridulation">stridulation</a>) located on the hind angles of their front wings. In some species females are also capable of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridulation" title="Stridulation">stridulation</a>.<br />
There are about 255 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, but the majority of species live in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical" title="Tropical">tropical</a> regions of the world.<br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_%28nutrition%29" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a> of tettigoniids includes <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaves" title="Leaves">leaves</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers" title="Flowers">flowers</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark" title="Bark">bark</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>, but many species are exclusively <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator" title="Predator">predatory</a>, feeding on other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a> or even small <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>. Some are also considered pests by commercial crop growers and are sprayed to limit growth. Large tettigoniids can inflict a painful bite or pinch if handled but seldom break the skin.<br />
The males provide a nuptial gift for the females in the form of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophylax" title="Spermatophylax">spermatophylax</a>, a nutritious body produced with the males' ejaculate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katydid#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup> The eggs of tettigoniids are typically oval shaped and laid in rows on the host plant.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-833961277298749112009-07-17T22:11:00.002+08:002010-11-25T00:49:42.219+08:00Cekur Manis / Sauropus androgynus<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPsIY59UcRZnz8iqWRa1QjNNlh_fYFX1dXz3G0ZhgIxhK-aVNz8iS6KZW3NFsYPtlv6LbBE0cGBf4bgh26zJRVba6TqBYkbN6-Ur5zuicRT0uzHJJ2ufgmE10UxnCnybHdxTA8Q3TDCic/s1600-h/cekurmanis.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" height="384" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5359431906308834802" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPsIY59UcRZnz8iqWRa1QjNNlh_fYFX1dXz3G0ZhgIxhK-aVNz8iS6KZW3NFsYPtlv6LbBE0cGBf4bgh26zJRVba6TqBYkbN6-Ur5zuicRT0uzHJJ2ufgmE10UxnCnybHdxTA8Q3TDCic/s640/cekurmanis.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" width="640" /></a><br />
<i><b>Sauropus androgynus</b></i>, also known as <b>katuk</b>, <b>star gooseberry</b>, or <b>sweet leaf</b>, is a shrub grown in some tropical regions as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">leaf vegetable</a>. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> it is called <i>mani cai</i> , in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> it is called <span style="font-size: 130%;"><i style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">cekur manis</span></i></span> or <span style="font-size: 130%;"><i style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">sayur manis</span></i></span>, and in Vietnamese, it is called <i>rau ngót</i>.<br />
Its multiple upright stems can reach 2.5 m high and bear dark green oval leaves 5–6 cm long.<br />
It is one of the most popular leaf vegetables in South Asia and Southeast Asia and is notable for high yields and palatability. The shoot tips have been sold as <b>tropical asparagus</b>. In Vietnam, people cook it with crab meat, minced pork or dried shrimp to make soup. In Malaysia, it is commonly stir-fried with egg and dried achovies.<br />
It is among only a few flora containing vitamin K. However, studies have suggested that its consumption can cause lung damage, due to its high concentrations of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloid</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaverine" title="Papaverine">papaverine</a>.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3355872333716366689.post-30512699416379276862009-07-13T23:40:00.001+08:002010-11-25T00:53:10.320+08:00Daun Pisang / Banana leaf<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKKs9-EkxxR3dy3JTC-11uxxdbRhLhxxtLJ9QCKF7r9Zo_i9eYvQyMaOo7SBEpQ4rf0IMpP-xeybeDRKDY3IWKfzfaxTF3ltozcsePJzCGPakqSjSoGMuL7G6oIb2lTku9eUn_6Bu7Cvk/s1600-h/pisangeee.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" height="384" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5357971610369731906" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKKs9-EkxxR3dy3JTC-11uxxdbRhLhxxtLJ9QCKF7r9Zo_i9eYvQyMaOo7SBEpQ4rf0IMpP-xeybeDRKDY3IWKfzfaxTF3ltozcsePJzCGPakqSjSoGMuL7G6oIb2lTku9eUn_6Bu7Cvk/s640/pisangeee.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" width="640" /></a><br />
<b style="color: #ff6600;">Banana leaf</b> <span style="color: white;">is the leaf of the </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_plant" style="color: white;" title="Banana plant">Banana plant</a><span style="color: white;">. It is used as a decorative element for auspicious ceremonies in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" style="color: white;" title="Hindu">Hindu</a><span style="color: white;"> and </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist" style="color: white;" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a><span style="color: white;"> cultures. It is also used as a plate to serve food in countries like </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="color: white;" title="India">India</a><span style="color: white;">. Banana leaves though commonly thrown away contain large amounts of </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenols" style="color: white;" title="Polyphenols">polyphenols</a><span style="color: white;">, including </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigallocatechin_gallate" style="color: white;" title="Epigallocatechin gallate">EGCG</a><span style="color: white;">, similar to green tea.</span><br />
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<span style="color: white;">Banana leaves are predominantly used by Hindus and Buddhists as a decorative element for auspicious functions, marriages and ceremonies in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="color: white;" title="India">India</a><span style="color: white;"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" style="color: white;" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a><span style="color: white;">, it is also used for a taste. The Indians also believe that the banana leaf gives a special taste to the food served on it.</span><br />
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<div style="color: white;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian food</a> is usually served on a banana leaf. Some South Indian and Khmer recipes use banana leaves as a wrapper for frying. The leaves are later removed to retain flavor. In Vietnamese cuisine, banana leaves are used to wrap foods such as <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha-lua" title="Cha-lua">cha-lua</a></i>.</div><div style="color: white;">In Malaysia (and Singapore), banana leaves are used to wrap certain <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuih" title="Kuih">kuih</a>. Malay food such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_Lemak" title="Nasi Lemak">Nasi Lemak</a> are also commonly wrapped with banana leaves before being wrapped with newspaper as banana leaves add fragrance to the rice.</div><div style="color: white;">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, banana leaves and parchment paper form the wrapper for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteles" title="Pasteles">pasteles</a> (similar to tamales). Ground green bananas stuffed with meat are packed inside and then boiled with the banana leaf imparting extra flavor and aroma.</div><div style="color: white;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a>, and more specifically <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxacan</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">tamales</a> and a local variety of lamb meat, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbacoa" title="Barbacoa">barbacoa</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taco" title="Taco">tacos</a> are often <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">steamed</a> in banana leaves. Banana leaves are used for wrapping pork in the traditional Yucatán dish <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochinita_pibil" title="Cochinita pibil">Cochinita pibil</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaiian</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalua" title="Kalua">imu</a> is often lined with banana leaves.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09358922891010425762noreply@blogger.com0